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Esoteric knowledge of how to increase cash income?

The history of money.

It is believed that the first coins appeared in China in the ancient kingdom of Lydia in the VII century BC. Around 500 BC. Persian King Darius made ??an economic revolution in the country put into circulation coins and use them to replace barter.

Well-preserved stone inscriptions of Persepolis (Iran today) show that there is a change.

Paper money appeared in China in the VIII century AD (paper for the first time in 100 AD.). The earliest form of paper money in China under a special form or amount that will be stored in a special store or proof of tax accounts in provincial centers, but not in the capital.

Paper money made ??a big impression on tourists visiting China in VII? VIII centuries. Marco Polo wrote that the issue of paper money - a new way to achieve the goal that the alchemists sought for so long. In the XIII century, the government of Genghis Khan, the free exchange of paper money for gold, so the fake money and paper money is a terrible crime. By 1500, the Chinese government has been forced to cease production of paper money because of the difficulties associated with excess output and inflation, but then, existing in China, private banks continued to issue paper money.
It is known that at different times and in different regions of the world with money metal rods, shells, feathers, cocoa beans, and other livestock.

In the United States in the 18th century, in some countries, wampum money - special necklace Indian receipt showing the amount and quality of tobacco, animal skins.
History of currency

For 3-2000. E. In Mesopotamia, there were first banks. Their role was played by the temples and palaces of the local rulers, which provides services for the safe storage of goods.

About 2250 BC. e rulers of Cappadocia (now territory of Turkey) were the first to guarantee the quality and weight of the silver bars that serve as money.

About 1200 Mr. N. D. There is the Chinese character for "money", which means cowrie shells, act as a universal means of payment. In some parts of Asia cowrie retained this function until the mid-twentieth century.

For 1000 - 500 BC. D. In China, where the prototypes of money into blocks of metal shovels, hoes and knives, which had previously been used as a medium of exchange.

About 640 to 630 grams. N. e in Lydia (now Turkey), first invented money in the modern sense. These round coins of electrum (an alloy of gold and silver).

About 600 grams. N. E The first reliable evidence of banking operations, similar to the current. Tify banker has a network of offices in various cities of Greece and Ionia. He used non-cash payment - traders and travelers carry with them no money and banknotes Tifiya.

Around the same time, China began to mint coins of iron. Before money is only made of precious metals and their value is essentially equal to the value of the material they are made. China first began to be used to make money cheaper material and introduces the concept of "nominal value."

About 500 grams. BC Greek authors describe reform the Spartan lawgiver Lycurgus. Lycurgus the first time in the world tried to pursue a policy of financial isolationism. It prohibits the use of gold and silver coins to limit the activities of foreign retailers of luxury. Spartan money is made deliberately large and heavy for even very large sums needed a cart pulled by a horse. They are not convertible - they refuse to accept, with the exception of Sparta.

910 In China, the mass production of paper money.

1156. The first official agreement on exchange rates. Genoese merchants do with Byzantium. Moneychangers, specializing in the exchange of money from different countries around the world is more than one. 6000 years.

The 12th century. In Northern Italy offers a variety of private banking houses. In Genoa, the first recorded non-cash payments in the modern sense.

1440. Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, which is intended for the production of books. But soon it was proposed to use it to print paper money - their production faster and cheaper. Early general publishing to print money to the Chinese, but Europeans do not seem to do it.

1649. The Bank of England, France, Holland started releasing checks in its modern sense. Check prototypes were known since the 13th century.

1661. Established the first country in the world central bank - the Bank of Sweden. The idea of ??a central bank that controls the banking operations in the country and is responsible for production and the state of the national currency is a revolutionary innovation and extremely long planted in the world. For example, in France, the central bank has appeared in 140 years. State Bank of the Russian Empire was founded in 1860. The U.S. Federal Reserve SistemaFederal Reserve (the central bank) was established in 1913. Prior to that, many U.S. banks, regardless of bills that differ significantly in size and design.

1705. Published the first book on the theory of monetarism: "Money and Trade for People Money" (Money and Trade Considered: a proposal to provide the country with money.) By Scot John Law (John Law).

1824. In the U.S., the first set in the world banking system cleaning - clearing system for goods, securities or services supplied by considering the mutual financial claims and liabilities.

1837. The invention of the telegraph, which has led to a revolution in the field of finance. In the late 18th century, it became a tool for financial communications, telegraph. In the early twentieth century, approximately 80 percent of the world's bank payments used The Telegraph. In the UK in 1914 there were about 800,000 of the telegraph in Germany - about 1 million 400 thousand U.S. dollars - 10 million is interesting that the U.S. Federal Reserve began using the telegraph case only in 1918. The reason is the lack of confidence in the new technology is believed to be telegraphed through access to financial information, will be able to con artists.

1937. The first prototype of the modern computer set up in the College of Iowa. In 1946, the University of Pennsylvania have created the first real computer ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). It weighed 30 tons and could reach 5 million calculations per second. It costs 0000 leva, and he was commissioned by the U.S. Army artillery calculations. One of the inventors of the computer, said the historic phrase: "We may be able to sell five of these units on the international market." In the early decades of computer history, nor had the idea to use these devices for financial transactions - computers were considered too unreliable, so that they can be trusted with this? Valuable information.

1944. An international conference at Bretton Woods (USA). Dollar linked to gold. The dollar became the currency, which is based on international trade. This year probation is considered the beginning of modern globalization. At a conference in Bretton Woods, it was decided to establish the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB) and the development of free trade. In general, a new ideology of business requires new methods of operations with money.

1950. Created the first credit card - Diners Club, which is intended to pay for breakfast, lunch and dinner in the restaurant. Two years later, Franklin National Bank issued the first bank credit card. Now, one of American adults have 10 cards, you can pay anywhere.

1950 - B. Banks create a network of financial information transmission by telex.

1969. First, the integration of computers in the network. Agency "home network ARPANET Advanced Research Projects (Advanced Research Projects Agency and projects) of the Ministry of Defense.

1970. Intel created the first computer chip. The beginning of the technological revolution, which led to the creation of personal computers.

1971. PEG dollars for gold lifted. The Bretton Woods agreement actually lost power.

1972. Computers come in finance. In the U.S., the world's first electronic network centralized test bank accounting. Computers have become the basis of social security of the United States. It is believed that due to the imperfections of software between 1972 and 1995, 695,000 computers deceive recipients of social assistance for a total of 0,000,000

1973. 239 banks from 15 countries to create the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications - SWIFT). System SWIFT, to replace teletype was the first international system of this kind. In 2002, consumers have been more than 7,600 organizations in 198 countries around the world, who for years has been almost two billion messages.

1977. The first Apple II personal computer appeared on the open market. In 1975, 50,000 active computers in the world in 1998 - more than 140 million in 2002 - more than 800 million

1991. European physics laboratory CERN made known to all protocol - WWW - World Wide Web. This development was made in the first place for the exchange of information among physicists. In 1992, interest on the Internet for the first time banks have started to create ad sites, and about 1996 - a complete picture of the bank s website. It is estimated that the cost of banking transactions conducted through the Internet, which is 90% cheaper than similar operations in the banking office of the "traditional".

1993. Commercial "digital money", - DigiCash. Based on this technology later created the smart card - a card with a computer chip that records the amount of money in the account. Card customer can buy, for example, and use it as a normal money (assuming that readers are installed absolutely everywhere fees may apply), and then update your profile, or just throw the card. During the Olympic Games in Atlanta (1996) has sold more than 300,000 smart cards. In Japan, the smart cards have been translated all phones.
Conventional smart cards are protected personal code, which makes them less profitable and stealing money from the chore usually kidnapping. Now the technology exists for the "Digital Money", for example, they can send a photo of the owner, his fingerprints and more.

1995 great change. The final victory of digital money on paper. In 1995, 90 percent of all bank charges in the United States are held in electronic form, is expected to Automated Clearing House Association, $ 3 trillion. operations are carried out electronically trillion. - Checks and only 0.2 trillion - in cash.

In 1998, the U.S. system PayPal, which allows computer users to send money to each other by email. In Europe, the system PhonePaid, allowing to carry out transactions using mobile phones. In the late 1990s there were many systems of "internet money": Clickshare, dollar, internet cache, NetCheque etc.

First introduced in 2002, the European single currency of the European countries - the euro. For non-cash euro payments applied since 1999.

2003 Robert Mandel (Robert Mandel), winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, predicts that in 2040, the world may be on the verge of creating a single currency. A fund may be the currency of the United States, European Union and Japan. Mandel hypothetical currency is called the "action" (dollar, euro, yen) or "INTOR."

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